Fort William History, Hidden Gems, Best Time to Visit and Photography

Fort William in Kolkata is a historical fort that holds significant importance in India colonial history. Located on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River, it was constructed during the British rule and named after King William III of England. Here a detailed description of the fort:

History:

Fort William was originally built in 1696 during the reign of the British East India Company to protect their trading interests in Bengal. After the infamous Black Hole of Calcutta incident in 1756, where British prisoners were allegedly confined in a small, airless dungeon by the forces of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah, a new fort was constructed between 1758 and 1781 to strengthen defenses. The new fort, often referred to as the Second Fort William, is the one that stands today.

Architecture:

The fort is an excellent example of British military architecture of the 18th century. It covers an area of around 70.9 hectares (177 acres) and is shaped like an irregular octagon, surrounded by lush green Maidan, which is a vast open field and one of the largest urban parks in Kolkata. The structure is fortified with thick walls, bastions at regular intervals, and a moat. The fort construction blends European military design with local construction methods.

Present-Day Use:

Unlike many historical forts, Fort William is not just a relic but is still in use as a military establishment. It serves as the headquarters of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army. For this reason, much of the fort is restricted to the public, and photography is usually prohibited. However, visitors are allowed access to specific areas with permission.

Notable Features:

• St. Peter Church: Inside the fort, there an old church built during the British period, offering a glimpse into colonial religious architecture.
• The Maidan: The sprawling green space around the fort serves as Kolkata lungs, providing a recreational space for the city residents and a scenic setting for the fort.
• Arms and Ammunition: Fort William houses a large number of arms and ammunition, adding to its military significance even today.

Significance:

Fort William played a critical role in the history of British India. Its construction marked the consolidation of British power in the region. Today, the fort remains an iconic landmark of Kolkata and a reminder of the city colonial past.

Fort William in Kolkata has a rich and layered history, deeply tied to the British colonization of India and the rise of British power in Bengal. Here is an overview of its historical significance:

Early History and Construction (1696-1706)

Fort William was initially constructed by the British East India Company in 1696 as a trading post to protect their commercial interests in Bengal. Kolkata (then known as Calcutta) was a burgeoning settlement, and the British needed a fortified structure to defend against both European rivals and local powers. The fort was named after King William III of England and was completed around 1706.

• The Old Fort: The first fort, known as Old Fort William, was relatively small and located near the Hooghly River. It was not heavily fortified, and as tensions in Bengal grew, its inadequacies became apparent.

The Black Hole of Calcutta (1756)

In June 1756, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah, the ruler of Bengal, attacked and captured Calcutta as part of a larger conflict with the British. The fall of the old Fort William led to one of the most notorious incidents in colonial history: the Black Hole of Calcutta. British prisoners, including soldiers and civilians, were allegedly confined in a small, cramped dungeon in the fort. Of the approximately 146 people imprisoned, only 23 are said to have survived the night due to suffocation and heat.

• Historical Controversy: While the Black Hole incident is infamous, the exact details and numbers have been debated. Some historians argue that the event was exaggerated by the British to justify their later actions in Bengal.

Reconstruction and New Fort William (1758-1781)

Following the Black Hole incident, the British sought revenge and soon recaptured Calcutta in early 1757. This marked the beginning of the decline of the Nawab power and the rise of British control in Bengal, especially after the decisive Battle of Plassey in June 1757, where the British East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah.

• The New Fort: In the aftermath, the British decided to build a much larger and more defensible fort. Construction of the new Fort William began in 1758 under the supervision of engineer John Brohier and was completed in 1781. This new fort was built about a mile away from the original site and designed to withstand significant military threats. It is an octagonal structure with thick walls, bastions, and a moat, making it one of the most well-fortified structures in British India.

Role in British India

Fort William played a central role in British military strategy in India, particularly in the eastern region. It became the military headquarters for the British forces in Bengal and was instrumental in ensuring British dominance over the region for nearly two centuries.

• Administrative and Military Hub: Over time, Fort William became not just a military installation but an administrative center for the British colonial government in Bengal. It housed British officers, soldiers, and colonial officials.

Post-Independence Era

After India gained independence in 1947, Fort William continued to serve as an important military facility. It is now the headquarters of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army, which oversees military operations in eastern India and parts of the northeastern region.

• Preservation: Although parts of the fort are still in use for military purposes, sections of the original structure and surrounding areas are preserved as heritage sites, symbolizing both the colonial past and India military strength.

Significance in Indian History

• Colonial Power Base: Fort William was a symbol of British power and control over Bengal, which was one of the richest and most populous regions in India.
• Strategic Importance: Its location on the Hooghly River gave it strategic control over access to the interior of Bengal, making it crucial for trade and military movement.
• Cultural Impact: The fort and its surrounding areas played a key role in shaping the city of Kolkata, which grew around it into the capital of British India until 1911, when the capital was shifted to Delhi.

Fort William thus represents both the military might of the British East India Company and the broader colonial experience in Bengal. Today, it remains an active military installation and a monument to a pivotal period in Indian history.

Best Time to Visit Fort William, Kolkata:

The best time to visit Fort William and Kolkata is during the winter months from October to February. During this time, the weather is pleasant, with temperatures ranging between 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F), making it ideal for sightseeing and exploring the city historical landmarks. The summer months (March to June) can be extremely hot and humid, while the monsoon season (July to September) sees heavy rainfall, which can disrupt outdoor activities.

Things to Do at Fort William:

Since Fort William is an active military installation and headquarters of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army, access to most areas is restricted to the public. However, visitors can explore certain parts of the fort with prior permission or during special events like Army Day or other military parades. While exploring Fort William itself is limited, the surrounding areas offer several activities and attractions.

1. Explore the Maidan:
   • Surrounding Fort William is the Maidan, one of the largest urban parks in India. It a vast green space where locals gather for picnics, exercise, sports like cricket, and horse riding. Walking around the Maidan gives a great view of Fort William exterior.
2. Visit the Nearby Victoria Memorial:
   • Located just a short distance from Fort William, the Victoria Memorial is one of Kolkata most iconic landmarks. This stunning marble structure, built to honor Queen Victoria, houses a museum with colonial-era artifacts, paintings, and documents. The gardens surrounding the memorial are also a great spot for relaxation.
3. Take a Boat Ride on the Hooghly River:
   • Just a stone throw from Fort William is the Hooghly River. You can take a boat ride and enjoy views of the Howrah Bridge and the city skyline, as well as Fort William itself.
4. Explore St. John Church:
   • St. John Church, one of the oldest churches in Kolkata, is located close to Fort William. It is home to historical artifacts such as the tomb of Job Charnock, considered the founder of Kolkata, and the Black Hole of Calcutta monument.
5. Kolkata Racecourse:
   • Adjacent to the Maidan and Fort William is the Royal Calcutta Turf Club, home to the Kolkata Racecourse. If you are visiting during the racing season (typically from November to March), you can experience a day at the races.

Nearby Attractions to Fort William:

1. Prinsep Ghat:
   • Located along the banks of the Hooghly River, Prinsep Ghat is a beautiful spot for an evening stroll. Built during British rule, the ghat offers picturesque views of the river and the Vidyasagar Setu bridge. It is especially popular at sunset and is about 10 minutes from Fort William.
2. Eden Gardens:
   • If you are a cricket enthusiast, the Eden Gardens, one of the largest and most famous cricket stadiums in the world, is a must-visit. It is close to Fort William and holds a special place in the heart of cricket lovers.
3. Indian Museum:
   • The Indian Museum in Kolkata, founded in 1814, is one of the oldest museums in Asia. It houses a vast collection of art, archaeology, and natural history, including ancient sculptures, fossils, and rare artifacts.
4. Howrah Bridge:
   • This engineering marvel and one of the busiest cantilever bridges in the world is located nearby. A walk across the Howrah Bridge offers stunning views of the Hooghly River and the city of Kolkata.
5. Birla Planetarium:
   • Near the Victoria Memorial, the Birla Planetarium is a popular attraction for science enthusiasts and families. You can watch informative shows about astronomy and the universe.
6. Alipore Zoo:
   • About 15-20 minutes from Fort William is the Alipore Zoo, one of the oldest zoos in India. It is a great spot for family visits, featuring a variety of animals and a botanical garden.

Tips for Visiting:

• Permission for Fort William: Since Fort William is an active military base, it is not open to the general public without prior permission. If you wish to visit, you may need to arrange for a special tour through the Indian Army or during events open to civilians.
• Wear Comfortable Clothing: Given that many attractions around Fort William require walking or outdoor activities, it is best to wear comfortable shoes and light clothing, especially during the hotter months.
• Photography Restrictions: Be mindful of the restrictions on photography around the fort, as it is a military area.

In summary, while direct access to Fort William is limited, the surrounding areas offer plenty of activities and historical attractions, making a visit to this part of Kolkata a rich cultural and historical experience.

Adventures

1. Historical Tours: Explore the forts rich history with guided tours that explain its significance during the British colonial period.
2. Photography: Capture the impressive architecture and scenic views along the Hooghly River.
3. Heritage Walks: Take a stroll through the forts surroundings to appreciate the colonial-era buildings and local flora.
4. Boating: Enjoy boat rides on the Hooghly River, which offers a unique perspective of the fort and the city.

Budget

• Entry Fee: Generally free for visitors, but guided tours may have a fee (?200-?500).
• Boating Charges: Typically ranges from ?50 to ?200, depending on the type and duration of the ride.
• Food: Dining expenses can vary widely based on choice, from street food costing ?50-?200 to restaurant meals ranging from ?300-?1,000.

Packing Items

• Comfortable Shoes: Essential for walking around the fort and its gardens.
• Light Clothing: Wear breathable clothing, especially during summer.
• Water Bottle: Stay hydrated while exploring.
• Camera: Great for capturing the architecture and views.
• Sunscreen & Hat: Protect against the sun during outdoor activities.
• Portable Charger: Keep devices charged for photography and navigation.
• First Aid Kit: Useful for minor health issues.

Hidden Gems

1. The Flagstaff House: A lesser-known area within Fort William, it showcases colonial architecture and offers great views.
2. St. Peters Church: Located near the fort, this church is an architectural beauty worth visiting.
3. Parks and Gardens: Explore the lesser-visited gardens surrounding the fort, which provide a peaceful retreat.

Photography Rules at Fort William:

• Photography Restrictions: Since Fort William is an active military installation and serves as the headquarters of the Eastern Command of the Indian Army, photography inside the fort is strictly prohibited. This applies to all cameras and mobile phones. You may only be allowed to take photos in the outer areas, but this is limited and heavily regulated. It is important to respect these rules to avoid any security concerns.

Safety Rules for Visiting Fort William:

• Restricted Access: Most parts of Fort William are off-limits to the public due to security reasons. Only certain sections can be accessed with prior permission, typically during special events or through arrangements made with the Indian Army.
• Identification: Carry a valid ID at all times, especially if you are visiting with prior permission, as security checks are strict.
• Follow Military Protocol: Be respectful of military personnel and follow their instructions carefully while in or around the fort. Wandering into restricted areas can result in legal trouble.
• Prohibited Items: Avoid carrying bags with prohibited items such as weapons, drones, or anything that could be considered a threat to security. It is also best to minimize carrying bulky bags or equipment.

Famous Food Near Fort William:

While there are not any food outlets inside Fort William itself, Kolkata is famous for its rich and diverse culinary scene. Here are some must-try foods near Fort William and in Kolkata:

1. Kathi Rolls:
   • Invented in Kolkata, these delicious wraps with spiced kebabs (chicken, egg, or paneer) are a street food favorite.
2. Macher Jhol (Bengali Fish Curry):
   • A traditional Bengali dish, made with freshwater fish and served with rice, this is a must-try for seafood lovers.
3. Kosha Mangsho (Spicy Mutton Curry):
   • A beloved Bengali delicacy, this slow-cooked mutton dish is full of rich flavors and spices.
4. Mishti Doi (Sweet Yogurt):
   • A famous Bengali dessert made from thick, sweetened yogurt, Mishti Doi is a perfect end to a hearty meal.
5. Rasgulla & Sandesh:
   • Kolkata is famous for its sweets, especially Rasgulla (spongy sweet balls in syrup) and Sandesh (made from fresh paneer). Both are widely available in sweet shops.
6. Phuchka (Pani Puri/Golgappa):
   • Kolkata version of this tangy street food is known as Phuchka and is served with spicy tamarind water.
7. Chinese Food at Tiretta Bazaar:
   • Kolkata has a vibrant Chinatown, and if you are a fan of Indo-Chinese cuisine, the area around Tiretta Bazaar is famous for its authentic and tasty Chinese breakfast.

Entry Fees to Fort William:

• No Public Entry Fees: Fort William is not a typical tourist destination, and general entry is not allowed without prior permission from the Indian Army. Therefore, there are no entry fees for tourists. Special access, if granted, is typically free but might be subject to military protocols.